SSRF prevention in Node.js — validate the resolved IP, not the URL string

What it is

SSRF happens when your server accepts a user-supplied URL and makes an outbound request to it. If the URL resolves to a private IP (AWS metadata, internal DB, loopback), the attacker has extracted value from your infrastructure's trust boundary.

Vulnerable example

// Vulnerable: string-based allowlist is trivially bypassable
import { URL } from "url";

function isPrivate(url: string) {
  const u = new URL(url);
  const blocked = ["localhost", "127.0.0.1", "169.254.169.254"];
  return blocked.includes(u.hostname);
}

export async function GET(req: Request) {
  const u = new URL(req.url).searchParams.get("url")!;
  if (isPrivate(u)) return new Response("nope", { status: 400 });
  // Attacker URL: http://[::]:80/  or  http://0x7f.0x0.0x0.0x1/
  // passes the check, resolves to loopback.
  const resp = await fetch(u);
  return new Response(await resp.text());
}

Fixed example

// Fixed: resolve, validate IP, then fetch.
import dns from "dns/promises";
import net from "net";

const PRIVATE_RANGES = [
  "10.", "172.16.", "172.17.", "172.31.", "192.168.",
  "127.", "169.254.", "::1", "fc00:", "fe80:",
];

async function isPublicHttp(u: URL) {
  if (!/^https?:$/.test(u.protocol)) return false;
  const ips = await dns.resolve(u.hostname);
  return ips.every((ip) => {
    if (!net.isIP(ip)) return false;
    if (PRIVATE_RANGES.some((p) => ip.startsWith(p))) return false;
    return true;
  });
}

export async function GET(req: Request) {
  const u = new URL(new URL(req.url).searchParams.get("url")!);
  if (!(await isPublicHttp(u))) return new Response("nope", { status: 400 });
  const resp = await fetch(u, { redirect: "error", signal: AbortSignal.timeout(3000) });
  return new Response(await resp.text());
}

How Securie catches it

// Fixed: resolve, validate IP, then fetch.
import dns from "dns/promises";
import net from "net";

const PRIVATE_RANGES = [
  "10.", "172.16.", "172.17.", "172.31.", "192.168.",
  "127.", "169.254.", "::1", "fc00:", "fe80:",
];

async function isPublicHttp(u: URL) {
  if (!/^https?:$/.test(u.protocol)) return false;
  const ips = await dns.resolve(u.hostname);
  return ips.every((ip) => {
    if (!net.isIP(ip)) return false;
    if (PRIVATE_RANGES.some((p) => ip.startsWith(p))) return false;
    return true;
  });
}

export async function GET(req: Request) {
  const u = new URL(new URL(req.url).searchParams.get("url")!);
  if (!(await isPublicHttp(u))) return new Response("nope", { status: 400 });
  const resp = await fetch(u, { redirect: "error", signal: AbortSignal.timeout(3000) });
  return new Response(await resp.text());
}

Checklist

• Resolve hostname to IP before issuing the request
• Reject all private / loopback / link-local / metadata-service IPs
• Disable redirects (redirect: 'error') or re-validate the target after every redirect
• Enforce a short timeout (AbortSignal.timeout(3000))
• Use a dedicated egress proxy with an allowlist for high-security contexts
• Log every fetch destination for audit

FAQ

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